An Artisti of Floating world Thinking Activity.

Hello readers, I would like to discuss An Artist of Floating World  a novel among you. Which novels come into our syllabus. Our professor has given us a task in which a few questions have been asked? The answer is here in this blog.First I will introduce the novel.

  An Artist of the Floating World released in 1986, this relatively short novel is dense with ideas and possibilities. Set in Japan in the late 1940s, the story is narrated by Masuji Ono, a celebrated painter who once created propaganda for the Imperial Army. He now finds himself labeled a traitor by the younger generation, a reputation that threatens to derail his youngest daughter’s forthcoming marriage.

1] 'Lantern' appears 34 times in the novel. Even on the cover page, the image of lanterns is displayed. What is the significance of Lantern in the novel?

Lantern' appears 34 times in the novel. Even on the cover page, the image of lanterns is displayed. Because Lanterns in the novel are associated with Ono’s teacher Mori-san, who includes a lantern in each of his paintings and dedicates himself to trying to capture the look of lantern light. For Mori-san, the flickering, easily extinguished quality of lantern light symbolizes the transience of beauty and the importance of giving careful attention to small moments and details in the physical world. Lanterns, then, symbolize an outlook on life which prizes small details and everyday moments above the ideological concerns of nationalists or commercial concerns of businesspeople. It is an old-fashioned, aesthetically focused, and more traditional way of viewing the world.

2. Write about 'Masuji Ono as an Unreliable Narrator'.

An Artist of the Floating World is a masterpiece that glides in out and of many dimensions. On the one hand, it is a story of generations separated by a massive ideological gulf. On the other, it is about an older man attempting to come to terms with his mistaken philosophies. It is also a historical fiction set in the Japan of limbos; Japan, which has suffered because of its misplaced imperialism, been shattered by bombings and is now critical of the past and every person representing it. At the heart of it is an unreliable narrator, Masuji Ono. Once an acclaimed painter, Ono is our guide through post-World War II Japan and its sociopolitical and emotional trauma; felt in extremities like the once-vibrant pleasure districts destroyed by bombings and kids who loved Popeye and Godzilla.Why our narrator is unreliable is a debatable topic. At first go, it can be age. After all, Ono is well-retired with two daughters and grandchildren. However, the irregularity in information can be attributed much more to more unpleasant circumstances than memory failing. As the novel progresses, Ono is revealed to have been a man of controversial associations. During World War II, Japan was an Allied Power alongside Germany and Italy. A considerable section of the population was pro-War, viewing any opposition to the war effort with great scepticism. Ono, a pro-government imperialist, broke away from his master and drawings of the floating world (a phrase used to describe Japan’s pleasure districts) to begin painting subjects that depicted military might. At the beginning of the war, he becomes a part of a state committee clamping down on unpatriotic art. Ono reports Karudo, once his protégé. As a result, Karudo’s paintings are burnt, and the police harass him. Ono tells us that he tried to step in and convince the authority to go easy on Karudo. However, whether it is the truth or just another way to hide his betrayal and cruelty, we don’t know.

3. Debate on the Uses of Art / Artist (Five perspectives: 1. Art for the sake of art - aesthetic delight, 2. Art for Earning Money / Business purpose, 3. Art for Nationalism / Imperialism - Art for the propaganda of Government Power, 4. Art for the Poor / Marxism, and 5. No need of art and artist (Masuji's father's approach)

The role of art has differing conceptualisations in the novel, in turn having implications for the artist. Artistic vision that seeks to create purely for aesthetics sake, focusing on visual beauty without illuminating any deeper meaning, is represented in Moriyama’s partiality for capturing the fleeting and temporary ‘floating world’, but which consequently leads the artist into the guilty pleasures of a decadent lifestyle. The production of large-scale commissioned, stereotypical pieces are seen in those produced at Takeda’s firm, which preferences commercial benefit over a commitment to technique, and which portrays it’s artists as production-line workers rather than as having any real artistic talent. Matsuda’s ideal that art should go beyond a representation of visual beauty to serve larger socio-political purposes shows how art can be reappropriated and manipulated by other agendas, and how in turn, the artist becomes publicly associated with the subject matter and responsible for its influence. That art serves no purpose other than to drive the artist into a life of self-absorption and depravity is presented through Ono’s father whose prediction that such a life will befall Ono ironically comes true for a time.The novel further explores the dire consequences which befell artists whose art is viewed as divergent. Moriyama demanded strict adherence to his art principles, with students who departed from his style being expelled from his class, including Ono. Wartime artists whose work diverged from the Japanese Imperialism style had more serious repercussions, seen when Kuroda is interrogated and imprisoned. This raises larger questions about art, in terms of whether art should be politicised or serve only as a source of gratification. Arguably, the war would have continued despite Ono’s posters. Perhaps if Ono had retained the ‘narrow view’ of which Matsuda accused him, staying true to his aesthetic ideals throughout the war, he may have emerged postwar with an artistic.

 4. What is the relevance of this novel is times?

The novel’s protagonist and narrator, Masuji Ono, focuses almost entirely on the relatively narrow world of a single city. Detailed descriptions of the building, renovation, destruction, and erasure of the various physical landmarks in his city that are important to him suggest a narrator much more interested in his own legacy than in the larger historical changes gripping his country. The irony of this is that Ono rose to prominence as a nationalist painter, painting pictures whose purpose was to urge Japanese patriots to fight foreign wars and create a dominant imperial power. In the end, the contrast between Ono’s narrow focus on his city and the nationalist and imperialist themes of the work that brought him acclaim proves that Ono was an opportunist who painted propaganda.In the end, the intense focus on physical spaces and how they look at different moments in time that characterizes Ono’s narrative also suggests what might have been a truer path for him as an artist. Instead of work that focuses on human subjects or political messages, Ono’s true talent lies in capturing a place at a particular time.

Thanks 😊.

George Orwell's novel 1984 Thinking Activity

 Hello readers, I would like to discuss 1984 a novel among you. Which novels come into our syllabus. Our professor has given us a task in which a few questions have been asked? The answer is here in this blog.First I will introduce the novel.

George Orwell's novel 1984.

In George Orwell's 1984, Winston Smith wrestles with oppression in Oceania, a place where the Party scrutinizes human actions with ever-watchful Big Brother. Defying a ban on individuality, Winston dares to express his thoughts in a diary and pursues a relationship with Julia. These criminal deeds bring Winston into the eye of the opposition, who then must reform the nonconformist. George Orwell's 1984 introduced the watchwords for life without freedom: BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU.

Written by: George Orwell

Type of Work: novel

Genres: utopian literature; social criticism

First Published: 1949

Setting: Oceania

Main Characters: Winston Smith; Julia; O'Brien; Big Brother/Emmanuel Goldstein

Major Thematic Topics: mutability of the past; the existence of fact through memory; memory; history; language; oppression of writers

Motifs: repressed sexuality; dreams

Major Symbols: Newspeak; prole woman; birds; telescreens; glass paperweight.

Dystopia is the opposite of utopia: a state in which the conditions of human life are extremely bad as from deprivation or oppression or terror or all three. A dystopian society is characterized by human misery in the form of squalor, oppression, disease, overcrowding, environmental destruction, or war. Now is an example of a real dystopia in present-day all countries suffering corona dieses.

A person who imagines or foresees a state or society where there is great suffering or injustice.

‘For some dystopians, new technology is a source of control.’

‘Yet, this technological naivety finally does not matter, for the dystopians' purpose is moral and political.’

 1 ) What is dystopian fiction ? Is ' 1984 ' dystopian fiction ?

Dystopian fiction worlds :

whether in novels, films, comic books/graphic novels, or video games — tend to contain many of the same narrative features. Common elements of dystopian fiction include societies engaged in forever wars, and characterized by extreme social and economic class divides, mass poverty, environmental devastation, anarchy, and loss of individuality.

Characteristics of Dystopian Fiction:

The central themes of dystopian novels generally fall under these topics:

1. Government control
2. Environmental destruction
3. Technological control
4. Survival
5. Loss of individualism

Government plays a big role in dystopian literature. Generally, there is either no government or an oppressive ruling body.

It figures prominently in famous dystopian novels such as George Orwell’s 1984, which we investigate further below.George Orwell’s 1984, the world is under complete government control. The fictional dictator Big Brother enforces omnipresent surveillance over the people living in the three inter-continental superstates remaining after a world war. In 1984, characters live in fear of wars, government surveillance, and political oppression of free speech. The London of the novel is dirty and crumbling, with food shortages, exploding bombs, and miserable citizens. The government is an all-powerful force of oppression and control, and crushes the characters’ identities and dreams. This dystopian vision of the future, written thirty-five years before the year the novel is set, suggests that man’s inherent nature is corrupt and repressive. Orwell wrote the book in the aftermath of World War II and the rise of fascism in Germany and the Soviet Union, and paints a pessimistic picture of society’s ability to avoid further global disasters.

2) your learning about the novel from online screening of the film - share screenshots , if you have taken.

After screening the 1984 movie, I realized what was really going on inside this novel. Because what you see is a hundred times better than what you read. The following quotation appears at the beginning of this novel in movie.

which is showing the time what was the time like? What is the time like? And what will the future hold? I took a few screenshots while I was watching the movie, which I have shown here.

 What exactly is 1984 after watching this movie? He realized. The movie gave a comprehensive idea of ​​how Big Brother controlled people. If there's one thing I'm worried about in this movie, it's Faridom. Because people were not given any kind of freedom. He cannot present his own ideas. Can't have their own relationship with each other. Can't behave on their own. Only one person has to be chosen and followed. That person is Big Brother. Big Brother has always kept an eye on the people of his country. If someone does not follow their rules, they punish them. He is tortured in room number 101. His girlfriend is killed. Which is what this thing is all about. The second is a satire on nature in this movie. The symbols of Nature and World War are depicted together. Man wants to go to Nature but there are some things that hold him back. Everyone follows that person and considers that person special. Respects him. Like when a photo of Big Brother is shown on the screen, everyone respects him by making a hand cross. The whole novel represents Dystopian fiction. Political Dystopian Fiction is featured in this movie.

3 ) What according to you in the central theme of this novel ?

The primary theme of 1984 by George Orwell is to warn readers of the dangers of totalitarianism. The central focus of the book is to convey the extreme level of control and power possible under a truly totalitarian regime. It explores how such a governmental system would impact society and the people who live in it. In the book, "the Party" represents communism, but can apply to any totalitarian or authoritarian approach to government. It's a cautionary tale on how tenuous freedom really is.Totalitarianism was an outgrowth of Socialism, which arose as a response to industrialization, and sought to create more equitable societies by centralizing production and abolishing private property in favor of collective ownership. The third casualty of the totalitarianism is the truth through language. This happens in the shape of mottos such as “War is Peace.” The main Villain of the novel , Big Brother , exists to show the reader what will happen when one single organization or entity controls all information , and every other facet of individual life .

4) What do you understand by the term ' Orwellian ' ?

The Orwellian of or relating to the works of George Orwell, especially his picture of a future totalitarian state. The word Orwellian is most often used to talk about real-life situations that are reminiscent of this kind of state control and surveillance. Any hint that our government is watching or listening to us as we make phone calls or do Internet searches feels at least a little bit Orwellian.

Example of George Orwell is best known for his 1949 dystopian novel "1984," with its themes of social injustice and a controlling, authoritarian government. Orwell urged us to protect our language because ultimately our ability to think and communicate clearly is what stands between us and a world where war is peace and freedom is slavery.

Thinking Activity:The Great Gatsby

Francis Cugat’s jacket design for The Great Gatsby is the most celebrated and widely disseminated jacket art in American Literature. After appearing on the first printing in 1925, it was revived more than a half-century later for the “Scribner Library” paperback editions (1979 – present).  Cugat’s painting is iconic: the sad, hypnotic, heavily outlined eyes of a woman beam like headlights through a cobalt night sky. Their irises are transfigured into reclining female forms. From one of the eyes streams a green luminescent tear; brightly rouged lips complete the sensual triangle. Below, on earth, brightly colored carnival lights blaze before a metropolitan skyline.

1) How did the film capture the Jazz Age the Roaring Twenties of the America in 1920s?

The Jazz Age was a period in the 1920s and 1930s in which jazz music and dance styles rapidly gained nationwide popularity in the United States. The Jazz Age's cultural repercussions were primarily felt in the United States, the birthplace of jazz. 

Fitzgerald himself coined the term  of Jazz age. In the term reaction to the death/destruction/loss of innocence from WWI (post-war prosperity). During this time, there was a mass migration from rural areas to cities where “parties were bigger, the pace was faster, the buildings were higher, the morals looser” (Fitzgerald). So Some called it the first truly modern decade. In this time women is Flapper. Flappers means modern women of the 1920s – young, rebellious, fun-loving, and bold – short hair, short dresses (to the knees), more makeup (esp. lipstick) – attitudes changes – ex:  began to smoke and drink in public.

All these things we can go inside the movie that comes to the jazz age. From the video below we will understand more that the way jazz age is defined, the thing happens inside the movie.

2) How did the film help in understanding the characters of the novel?

The film based on the great gatsby introduces the character in a different way.  Before the introduction of each of the characters in the movie, a different kind of events take place.  When Nick is introduced, a room with curtains flying before him is shown.  It is then introduced by the top.  The camera angle also plays an important role in this movie.  Camera shoots from all over the top, bottom, inside and outside introduce the characters.  A big party is shown inside the movie when Getsby is about to be introduced, and everyone dances with each other.  nikke asks everyone who is Mr. Gatsby? .  And finally a guy comes in and says I am Mr. Gatsby.  That’s how Gatsby introduces it.Which we can see in the video below.

3) How did the film help in understanding the symbolic significance of 'The Valley of Ashes', 'The Eyes of Dr. T J Eckleberg' and 'The Green Light'?

 'The Valley of Ashes', 

The Valley of Ashes- the area between West Egg and New York City.  It is a desolate area filled

with industrial waste.  It represents the social and moral decay of society during the 1920’s.  It also shows the negative effects of greed. This movie has a scene from Valley.  It is a symbol.  The valley is next to both the train tracks and the road that runs from West Egg to Manhattan — Nick and other characters travel  through it via both modes of transportation.  The thing we can see inside the movie.

The Eyes of Doctor. T. J. Eckeburg: 

As the car passes through the valleys  in the movie at that time shown  the eyes.  It shows that someone is watching.  This eye is also shown in the center of the movie when a car accident occurs.  Which shows that, if no one has seen, nothing.  But the eye has seen.  This eye is as a symbol. The Eyes of Doctor. T. J. Eckleburg can be interpreted in different Ways. They can be seen as God's eyes  judging and looking at people who have lost their morality. They look down upon humanity and the human condition.  Making a connecti on between God and the eyes exists in Wilson's imagination. They can also be interpreted  as the meaninglessness of this world.  Nick Carraway describes the billboard as a huge pair of blue eyes. He says in chapter two:  "The Eyes of Doctor. T. J. Eckleburg are blue and gigantic- their retinas are one yard high".

'The Green Light'

The green color usually symbolizes hope, spring and vitality.   The green light in the novel symbolizes the hope and optimism for Gatsby to have Daisy and reunite with her. When he looks at this light, he feels confident and hopeful that his dream will be fulfilled. Green Light- at the end of Daisy’s dock and visible from Gatsby’s mansion.  Represents Gatsby's hopes and dreams about Daisy. It also seems that the green light at the beginning of the novel foreshadows the tragic end in the last chapter, when we find Gatsby dead.

4) How did the film capture the theme of racism and sexism?

The Great Gatsby is an American literature.  In which the difference between black people and white people is shown.  Like Tom is a rich man.  There are many black people working as servants in his bungalow.  It shows the difference in color.  The Great Gatsby movie also has sex scenes.  Including the relationship between....

Marriages

Tom/Daisy

George/Myrtle

Relationships/Affairs

Daisy/Gatsby

Tom/Myrtle

Nick/Jordan

5) Watch the video on Nick Carraway and discuss him as a narrator.

Nick was the novel’s narrator.  Nick is also a mid-westerner who moved East.  He happens to be Daisy’s cousin.Nick happens to move to a small house next to Gatsby’s mansion in West Egg.  His mid-western sensibilities  give us an outsiders perspective on how the wealthy socialites like the Buchanans lead their lives. He participates  actively in its events and action.  A wise and cultured young gentleman, Nick is also conscientious. He lends company to the readers throughout the novel, judging the events as they happen from his own unique perspective. His conscience and sense of morality differentiate him from the others. He uses some of the interesting lines. He recalls her father and his moral advises. The way he represent the story is awesome and in chronological.

Northrop Frye - Archetypal criticism

 In this blog I am going to discuss about archetypal criticism. On which our professor Dilip Baradsir has given a task.  Click here to follow that task.  The answers to those questions are as follows.

Q.1 What is Archetypal Criticism? What does the archetypal critic do?

Archetypal is literary criticism. This literary criticism denotes the recurrent narrative designs, Pattern of action and emotion and also theme and images. We can see that the use of Archetypal  within the literature.  Especially if christian mythology, religion and ritual life. Archetypal literature is often presented with myth and ritual. It can also be distinguished by having the same pattern and the same structure. Archetype is a common means that anything create bias on similar structure to established different way.

Q.2 What is Frye trying to prove by giving an analogy of ' Physics to Nature' and 'Criticism to Literature'?

Fry describes the cycle of nature in front of us.  He compares criticism to nature.  Follow the steps below to understand that cycle.

Spring (Comedy) :

Fry depicts spring as a comedy.  Spring is a happy season.  In the same way comedy also makes us happy.  Does it show the possibility of something good happening?  Which is connected with the concept of something new happening in life, being born new, creating something new.  Along with this other- birth, development, revival and resurrection are also connected.

Summer (Romance) :

In our India, people see summer as a time of joy.  Summer days are holidays.  During this time people travel to different places.  At this time, according to Indian tradition, the marriage system is connected.  Indians marry each other during the summer.  A lover joins his girlfriend.  That is, an atmosphere of romance arises.  So we can also refer to summer time as romance.  So brother here represents summer as romance through the concept of India.

Autumn ( Tragedy ) :

The green leaves in the evergreen shrubs all dry out.  It goes down and the bush is completely leafless.  It is then called the autumn season. Which indicates inanimate.  Similarly, in a literature, in a movie, when and any matter hero  falls from good to bad, it can be said that there is an autumn time in his life. It is said to be a tragic thing.  So Fry has portrayed autumn as a tragedy.

Winter ( Irony & Satire )

In winter the days have to be shorter and the nights longer.  So less brightness  and more darkness, it is seen in those days. So we can see winter days as dark days. Winter is shown here as darkness.  It is very cold in India.  These days are also called working days. So if you look at it in literature, it represents darkness  literature.  And that kind of literature is satirical literature.

Q. 3 Share your views of Criticism as an organised body of knowledge. Mention relation of literature with history and philosophy.

Literature is a huge thing.  The literature can be applied in every field.  Such as science, history, politics, philosophy, etc. in every subject. Northrop Fry says about the relation of literature with history and philosophy that literature is the central division of humanity.  History is shaped by humans.  The medium through which history is presented is literature.  Through literature we can show history.  We can collect the history of literature and present the history as needed. On the one hand, through history and through philosophy, historians deal with events and ideas with the philosopher, but the critic uses both philosophical knowledge and the action of history.  From this it can be said that literature is connected with both history and philosophy.

Q.4 Briefly explain inductive method with illustration of Shakespeare's Hamlet's Grave Digger's scene.

 The inductive method means specific (particular) to general. Frye contends that structural criticism will help a reader in understanding a text, and in this analysis, he proceeds inductively. That is from particular truths. For example Hamlet , in the Shakespearean play. When the Grave Digger's scene of Hamlet arise May audience alredy knows that now something going to bad because the Mineral Structure of Scene is Tragic a grave and also a darkness and cold wind of autumn shows the sign of tragedy. Thus these are the some specific examples from that scene which is lead towards general.

Q.5 Briefly explain deductive method with reference to an analogy to Music, Painting, rhythm and pattern. Give examples of the outcome of deductive method.

Deductive means a general to specific. In the Deductive method of analysis proceeds to establish the meaning of work from the general truth to particular truth. Literature is like music and painting. Rhythm is an essential characteristic of music and painting, pattern is the chief virtue. Rhythm in music is temporal and pattern in painting is spatial. In literature both rhythm and pattern is spatial. In literature both rhythm and pattern are recurrence of images, forms and words.In this, the researcher takes into account a theory and generates a hypothesis, which can be tested, after that the observation are recorded, which leads to particular data.

Q. 6 Refer to the Indian seasonal grid (below)., please read small Gujarati or Hindi or English poem from the archetypal approach and apply Indian seasonal grid in the interpretation.

Explain the seasons of India The weather in India stays the same for a period of about two months.  This period is called the 'season'.  India traditionally has six seasons: 1. Hemant, 2.  Shishir, 3.  Spring, 4. Summer, 5. Rain and 6. Autumn.  Since they are close to each other, the weather conditions of the two adjacent seasons do not differ much.  So if two seasons are taken together, then the three main seasons of the year are considered: 1. Winter, 2. Summer, 3. Monsoon.  The seasons change clearly in India.  The weather is cold in winter, hot in summer and humid in monsoon.  The Meteorological Department of the Government of India in Delhi has classified the climate of India into four seasons. 

1. Winter - Winter - December to February

 2. Summer - Summer - March to May

3. Monsoon - Monsoon - June to September

4. Retirement Season - Returning Seasonal Wind Season - October to November.

All these seasons have different meanings in literary language.  Those seasons have been linked to human emotion.  And it is writers and poets who connect it with human emotion.  They make literary compositions.  In which we can see a Gujrati poem by Umashankar Joshi here.  He has created a poem according to that season.  Going into the deep meaning of the poem, we have different  meaning of  different seasons according to Fry's opinion.

છ ઋતુઓ – ઉમાશંકર જોશી

લલિત

શરદ શી સુહે ! વાદળાં ગયાં.

જળ નદી તણાં નીતરાં થયાં.

ગગનથી સુધા ચંદ્ધની ઝરી,

રસભરી રમે રાસ ગુર્જરી.

ઉપજાતિ

હેમંતમાં કોમળ સૂર્યતાપ,

વૃક્ષો મહીં વાયુ કરે વિલાપ.

ઝરે નિશાએ હિમ ભૂમિ-ખોળે,

લીલાં તૃણે ઝાકળબિંદુ ડોલે.

દ્ધુતવિલંબિત

શિશિરવાયુ સુશીતળ સૂસવે,

તરુ તણાં થડથી રસ કૈં ઝવે.

ખરત પાન, રહ્યાં બસ ડાંખળાં,

સભર ધાન્ય થકી સુહતાં ખળાં.

વસંતતિલકા

ખીલી વસંત, વન ફૂલભર્યાં મહેકે,

ગાતા ફરે ભ્રમર, કોકિલનાદ લ્હેકે.

ઊડે સુગંધકણ પુષ્પ તણા રસોના,

આઘા સુણાય ગગને સ્વર સારસોના.

મંદાક્રાંતા

આવ્યો આવ્યો બળ બળ થતો દેખ જોગી ઉનાળો;

વા વૈશાખી પ્રબળ વહતા, ઊડતી અગ્નિઝાળો.

ઝોળા ખાતી રસદ ફળની લૂમ, લૂ વાય ઊની;

પાણી ડૂક્યાં, સજળ સરિતાઓ થઈ વારિસૂની.

શિખરિણી

ચઢી આવ્યાં ક્યાંથી દળ પર દળો વાદળ તણાં ?

કરે ઈશાને શી ઝબક ઝબકી વીજ રમણા !

પડયાં પામી ધો ધો, જળભર થઈ ધન્ય ધરણી;

હસે વર્ષા; શોભા શુભ નભ વિશે મેઘધનુની.

-ઉમાશંકર જોશી

(આભાર : સિદ્ધાર્થનું મન)

If we look at another poem by Umashankar Joshi, it talks about spring and what joy is being caused by the coming of spring. We see spring as a symbol of comedy.  The feels  that comes when we read this poem.

પંચમી આવી વસંતની

કોકિલ, પંચમ બોલ બોલો કે પંચમી આવી વસંતની.

દખ્ખણના વાયરાનાં આ શાં અડપલાં !

ઊઘડ્યાં લતાઓનાં યૌવનનાં સપનાં,

લાગ્યો જ્યાં એક વાયુઝોલો – કે પંચમી આવી વસંતની.

મંજરી, મત્ત થઈ ડોલો કે પંચમી આવી વસંતની.

આંબે આંબે હસે રસની કટોરીઓ,

ગાતા ભમતા ભૃંગ પ્રેમ તણી હોરીઓ.

આછો મકરંદ મંદ ઢોળો કે પંચમી આવી વસંતની.

આતમ, અંતરપટ ખોલો કે પંચમી આવી વસંતની.

ચેતના આ આવી ખખડાવે છે બારણાં,

હેતે વધાવી એને લો રે ઓવારણાં.

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P-110 Assignment, What is Dystopian literature? Robot 2.0 as Dystopian movie.

 P-110 Assignment

What is Dystopian literature? Robot 2.0 as Dystopian  movie.

Name-Kishan Jadav

Paper-10 : History of English Literature: From 1900 to 2000

Roll no-10

Enrollment no-3069206420200008

Email id- jadavkishan55555@gmail.com

Batch-2020-22 (MA Sem-2)

Submitted to- S. B. Gardi Department of English,   

Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University

     

Introduction :

Our traditions go back to the past. We see such traditions in the history of the past.  In which the king ruled over the people.  It gradually changed and the rule over the people was removed and the people were given some freedom.  The British then enslaved the Indians.  And many other nations were enslaved.  Many revolutionaries revolted against him in order to gradually get out of slavery.  And tried to give freedom to all.  Freedom was found in all countries and people were given freedom.  But a tradition was maintained.  That one leader will rule the whole country.  Many countries had democratic practices, many countries had dictatorships.  Which has increased the craze for dystopian literature today.  There are a lot of good and bad effects.  The question arises in our minds that what is this dystopia literature then let's discuss it.

Dystopia:

On the contrary, when machines rule over man, the government maintains its position over the people.  The Industrial Revolution should be given more importance.  Dystopia is an idea that makes people suffer more.A futuristic, imagined universe in which oppressive societal control and the illusion of a perfect society maintained through corporate, bureaucratic, technological, moral, or totalitarlan control. Dystoplas, through an exaggerated worst-case scenario, make a criticism about a current trend, societal norm, or political system.

Dystopian literature is a form of speculative fiction that began as a response to utopian literature. A dystopia is an imagined community or society that is dehumanizing and frightening. Dystopia is the opposite of utopia: a state in which the conditions of human life are extremely bad as from deprivation or oppression or terror or all three. A dystopian society is characterized by human misery in the form of squalor, oppression, disease, overcrowding, environmental destruction, or war. Now is an example of a real dystopia in present-day all countries suffering corona dieses.

A person who imagines or foresees a state or society where there is great suffering or injustice.

‘For some dystopians, new technology is a source of control.’

‘Yet, this technological naivety finally does not matter, for the dystopians' purpose is moral and political.’

Dystopian fiction worlds — 

whether in novels, films, comic books/graphic novels, or video games — tend to contain many of the same narrative features. Common elements of dystopian fiction include societies engaged in forever wars, and characterized by extreme social and economic class divides, mass poverty, environmental devastation, anarchy, and loss of individuality.

It figures prominently in famous dystopian novels such as George Orwell’s 1984, which we investigate further below.

Characteristics of Dystopian Fiction:

The central themes of dystopian novels generally fall under these topics:

1. Government control
2. Environmental destruction
3. Technological control
4. Survival
5. Loss of individualism

Technological control :

The Controlling technology is also a symptom of dystopia.  Because the present is known as the modern age of time.  In which a lot of information and technology has developed.  Since the beginning of technology, most of the technology has been used in developed countries.  In which new machines and equipment are made.  Machines grabbed these tools from the people.  And increased unemployment among the people.  The idea of ​​creating a time machine through technology has also come up.  Many books and movies have been made accordingly.  Which is an impossible thing.  Yet it is thought by imagination that this might happen.  So it is included in the dystopian literature.

 Dystopia examples in Film and TV :

Dystopian speculative fiction continues to be among the most popular types of science fiction not only in literature, but also in film and television. But what does dystopian fiction mean to so many people? Why is it so popular?

One reason is that dystopian fiction is a form of prophecy. We are fascinated and terrified by our possible futures and what might become of us, especially because of a general perception that things are getting worse, that we are edging towards real life dystopia.

A Clockwork Orange (1971) - Stanley Kubrick

The Mad Max series - (1979 - present) - George Miller

Escape from New York - (1981) - John Carpenter

The Terminator (1984) - James Cameron

Brazil (1985) - Terry Gilliam

Robocop (1987) - Paul Verhoeven

12 Monkeys (1995) - Terry Gilliam.

In India made the film

-Enthiran (Robot-2010)

-Krrish 3 (2013)

-The Time Machine (2017)

-Robot 2.0 fi-ci (2018

So  Rajnikant Robot and Robot 2.0 movie also made by Shankar. He  is Indian director. Robots are a medium of technology.  Even the robot has come to rule over man.  Which we find in the literature.  Also seen on television serials.  An important example of this is the famous movie Robot from the South.  In which a robot rules over the entire human community and poses a big question for human laughter.  The robot is a man-made invention.  But this becomes a medium of technology that rules over man.  Everyone has a mobile. Mobile also attracts people to itself and keeps them in it.

Can you imagine a life without a cell phone in today’s times? The answer obviously would be a ‘No’ as it’s like a boon in today’s times and almost like a digital extension of one’s arm. Ironically, even the ones fighting over the health hazards of mobile phone towers can’t help but use a mobile for their day-to-day activities. It is a necessary evil and would continue to be unless a solution is found to its harmful radiation. Director Shankar, one of the most imaginative and successful directors of India, has now taken this idea and neatly linked it to his earlier sci-fi flick, ROBOT [2010]. 2.0, the sequel to the 2010 blockbuster, promises to be India's best film in terms of VFX and technology.

 ROBOT [2010]. 2.0,Movie as Dystopian movie :

Pakshirajan is featured in this movie.  It is depicted as a symbol of a bird made up of negative energy.  Which becomes a bird through the medium of mobile.  The mobile that we use in our daily life. How did the birds die from the radiation emitted from the towers of the mobile?  Due to which Pakshiraj himself had to be converted into negative energy.  The limitations occur in this movie when there is a movement against it.  But no politicians or high-ranking officials are willing to support it.  Which caused the death of birds due to the cellphone tower.  He keeps the cellphone in his possession.  Which suggests that what happens if nature also takes revenge?  This movie discusses the changes taking place in the environment.  Which caused the birds to die.  The birds died due to the radiation from the towers of those phones.  To which the whole human community is responsible.  But what happens to man when these same birds go against nature and take revenge on man?  That has been imagined in the movie.  A world has been created in which this earth is seized from man by robots.  Which causes man to suffer the whole community.  Let us imagine that like the birds, if the water took revenge, if the fire took revenge, if the wind took revenge, if the land took revenge, if this fish took revenge, if these animals took revenge, if these trees took revenge, then a great calamity would befall man.  Which makes man very sad.  Robots created by man through technology have also caused a lot of problems to the human community and this may happen in the future.  Man-made Robert can only rule over man.  Just as birds take revenge on man, so what will happen to man if all the means of nature take revenge?  Even imagining that makes you shiver.  Everything is seen in the movie.  Which represents Dystopian thought.  So Robot 2.0 is a Dystopian movie.

Visualizing dystopia in film : 

Dystopian science fiction films rely heavily on elaborate special effects and mise-en-scene to create their futuristic worlds.

Mise-en-scene elements:

Set design

Lighting

Costumes

Make-up

Props

Cast

Shot composition

2.0 features many typical characteristics of dystopian fiction such as environmental devastation, authoritarianism, and corporate control. This type of movie costs a lot of money and at the same time it has a lot of elements that need to be created.  This kind of movie has a new kind of ideas and themes, so that kind of things have to be created.  That type of actor has to provide costumes and modeling accordingly, which we can see inside the 2.0 movie.  When Akshay Kumar becomes Pakshirajan, a lot of his costumes and makeup are done.  Even when Rajinikumar comes in the form of a robot, his costumes are different and he is decorated as good.  When there is any fight or any scene, it is created and modeled accordingly.  Different lighting is created according to the situation.  The cast is set accordingly.

Conclusion :

A different thing has been said in the 2.0 movie.  In which a person can be ruled by a mobile.  It means what a disaster it will be when technology rules over people.  That idea is shown in this movie.  It makes people suffer a lot.  Man's system is disrupted.  Man-made robots will rule over humans.  Such a concept appears in the dystopian literature.  So it can be said that this movie is also a dystopian movie.

Workcited :

“Attention Required! | Cloudflare.” Masterclass, 8 Sept. 2020, www.masterclass.com/articles/what-is-dystopian-fiction-learn-about-the-5-characteristics-of-dystopian-fiction-with-examples.

Hellerman, Jason. “What Is Dystopian Fiction in Film and TV? Definition and Examples.” No Film School, 8 Mar. 2021, nofilmschool.com/what-is-dystopian-fiction-definition-characteristics.

Sen, Raja. “2.0 Movie Review: Rajinikanth Is Smarter than a Smartphone, the Film Isn’t.” Hindustan Times, 30 Nov. 2018, www.google.com/amp/s/www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/2-0-robot-enthiran-review-rating-rajinikath-akshay-kumar-movie/story-iZCIPVlsKfKlfuR1Sl4bcN_amp.html.

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P-109 Assignment, A brief introductory note on ‘Rasa’ theory.

 P-109 Assignment

 A brief introductory note on ‘Rasa’ theory.

Name-Kishan Jadav

Paper -109: Literary Theory & Criticism and Indian Aesthetics

Roll no-10

Enrollment no-3069206420200008

Email id- jadavkishan55555@gmail.com

Batch-2020-22 (MA Sem-2)

Submitted to- S. B. Gardi Department of English,   

Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University

Introduction

Bharatmuni was an ancient Indian theatrologist and musicologist. He wrote the “Natyashastra”, a theoretical treatise on ancient Indian dramaturgy and histrionics especially Sanskrit theatre. He was consider as the father of Indian theatrical art forms.  A version of the Natyashastra had been in existence before the 3rd century.  The Natyasastra is a compendium of performed arts: drama, music, and dance. The Natyasastra was used through the fifteen hundred years of Sanskrit literature thought as the bedrock of literary theory. To many revivlistic Indian critics last two hundred years, Bharata has been the maker of the Rasa Theory. While there is no  denying that his fascinating insight in the psychology of aesthetic reception was the phenomenal triumph of intellect, it is necessary to remind ourselves that the Natyasastra is notdevoted solely to the exposition of Rasa theory. “Natyasastra is the function of fine arts in India.” In Natyasastra he talks about ‘Rasa theory’ and ‘Bhava’, he also talks about the connect of character,languages, prosoding, music employed in drama. The Sanskrit Natya theory is the creation of “Rasa.”

Process of Rasa theory:

“Rasa” is word which means juice and essence, in context of Bharatmuni Rasa is a kind of an essence which comes with the expressions of the artist, and the process is very interesting that first artist feels the emotion and expresses the feelings with body gestures and facial expressions and then it has understood by the audience and if audience also get the same feelings Rasa is evoked. Bharatmuni has identified the four kinds of bhava (emotions) responsible for the various Rasas, they are known as a state of mind or state of being they are Sthayibhava, anubhav, vibhava, and Satvikbhava. Bhava (emotions) are usful to evoke the Rasas in human mind. Bharatmuni has presented his theory of Rasa in the sixth chapter of Natyashashtra According to Bharatmuni, Rasa is the mixture of vibhav (determinate), aanubhav (consequents) and vyabhicharibhav (fleeting emotions), and with all this three emotions we can experience Rasa.

Types of Rasa

According to Bharata’sNatyashastra there is eight fundamental feeling or mental states referred to as Sthayibhavas which can be experienced by human beings. These are Delight (Riti) laughter (Hasya), Sorrow (Shoka), Anger (Krodha), Heroism (Utsaha), Fear (Bhaya), Disgust (Jugupsa), and Wonder (Vismaya).

          Corresponding to these mental states are eight Rasa:

(1)           The Erotic - (Srungara)

(2)           The comic – (Hasya)

(3)           The Pathetic – (kruna)

(4)           The Furious – (Raudra)

(5)           The Heroic – (Vira)

(6)           The Terrible – (Bhayanaka)

(7)           The Odious – (Bibhatasa)

(8)           Marvelous – (Adbhuta)

(9)           Peaceful – (Shanta)        (it was later added.)

The realization of Rasa is said to result from the union of three interrelated elements-Vibhava, Anubhava and Vyabicharibhava and also the permanent mood called Sthayibhava.

(1)   The  Erotic Sentiment (Shringara Rasa)

The Sringara Rasa proceeds from the dominant state of love and is associated with the Lord Vishnu. The mutual affection of love is found not only between man and woman but also between birds, animals and the other entire creature. The Erotic Sentiment in union arises from determinates like pleasure of the season the enjoyment of Garlands the company of beloved persons, objects etc…

It should be represented on the stage by the consequents such as clever movement of eyes, eyebrows, soft and delicate movement of the body, sweet word and similar other things.

KaviKalidasa in his AbhigyanaShakuntalam , the scene of union of Shakuntala and Dushiant at that time he write the best example of Sringara Rasa.

“Sringara is reach in pleasure, associated with desired object favorable music and poetry and is related with either the union or the separation of man and woman.

(2)   The Comic Sentiment (Hasya

Rasa)

Humor is extremely difficult to analyze even he 20th century philosophers who have set out to examine the origin of this manifold humor. But the nature of its charm has not yet arrived at definite conclusion. While talk about humor Bharatamuni says that,

 

When a person make laughter on himself or laughter related to his or her own self its cold self-centered laughter.

Centered – in – others is other form of laughter. When a person makes laughter on other person.In this there are six types of laughter.

(1)           Slight smile  (smita)

(2)           Smile        (hasita)

(3)           Gentle Laughter  (vihasita)

(4)           Laughter of Ridicule  (uphasita )

(5)           Valgure Laughter  (aphasita)

(6)           Excessive laughter  (atihasita)

The best example of Hasya Rasa is “TarakMahetakaUltaChashma”. It creat big laughter among the audience. It shows both types of laughers.

(3)      The pathetic Sentiment (Karuna Rasa)

The pathetic sentiment arises from the dominant state of sorrow. It is usually   presented through the separation from dear one, loose of wealth, death, accident or any type of misfortune. All this represent on stage by the means of consequents.

We found some best examples of Krun Rasa. In Abhigyanshakuntalam the separation of Shakuntala and Dhushiant due to cruse, it generates pathos. We also find same types of pathos in Romeo and Juliet, the death of Juliet create Karuna Rasa. According to shreekantaiya,

“Pathos is the very delicate Rasa, during its experience the heart melts a great deal.”

(4)  Furious Sentiment  (Rudra Rasa)

             “The Furious Sentiment is created by strayking cutting mutilation and piercing in fights and Tamalt of

The beltle and the like.”

Many critiques say that the furious Sentiment is full of conflict of arms, and in it words movements and deeds are terrible and tearful. Transitory states connected with the furious sentiment are presence of mind determinations energy indignation perception.

(5)      The Heroic Sentiment  (Vir Rasa)

According to critique Heroic sentiment is,

“The special condition such as energy, perseverance, optivison absence of surprise and presence of mind facility the NishpattihiVira Rasa”

The Heroic sentiment reflects to the superior type of person and has energy or enthusiasm has its basis. The presiding deities of the sentiments areIndra and represented with the color ‘yellowish or orange, mixture of both color’.

Theatrically the Virarasa is represented on the stage through firmness passions, heroism, charity diplomacy and the like. Bharatamuni in Natyashastra, he divided the Rasa of velour in to three kinds,

(1)           Valor of Munificence  (Danvira)

(2)           Valor of virtue    (Dharmvira)

(3)           Valor of war   (Yudhavira)

Resent critic have add the fourth type of ‘Valor of Mercy’(Dayavira). The entire valor interrelated with each other. We found, Karana in Mahabharta was called as Danvira.Udhishthira was known Dharmvira. Arjuna was Yudhavira. Shreedamaa was the best example of Dyavira.

(6)  Terrible Sentiment (Bhayanakarasa)

The Terrible sentiment has its dominant state of fear. Black color refers BhayanakaRas, and it associated with ‘Lord Yamaraja’. It is usually created by fearful atmosphere like Hideous, Noise, side of ghost panic and anxiety due to a timely cry of Jacket.It is to be represented on the stage by consequent such as term ling of the hand and the feet, horribilation, change of color and loss of voice. Ti is very easy to perform the Bhayanaka Rasa on the stage.

             Through rear appear to be one of the nature tendency of man as he grow more civilized try to control in and things it shameful to exhibit it. According to many critics fear is not natural to Nobel character and on contrary what excites fear in ordinary people excites anger in violent.In many horror movies we found Bhayanaka Rasa. When Rama in forest and fight with ‘Rakshasa’ at that time we fell ‘Bhaya’.

(7)      Odious Sentiment (Bibhastya Rasa)

             The Odious sentiments has its basic the dominant state of disguise it is created by determinants like hearing of unpleasant, offensive, impure and harmful things or sing them or discussing them. It is to be represented on the stage by consequent such as stopping the movement of all the limes. Narrowing down of the mouth vomiting.

              In other word Bibhastya is disgust. The emotion evoked by anything that nauseates us, that revolts or sickens us is Bibhastya. When something comes to our notice that is coarse and graceless, beneath human dignity, something which revolts or sickens us it is Bibhatsya that we feel. For example ‘When prince Siddhartha was a young man  and for the first time he sickness, old age and death, he was moved to disgust which later translate in to sorrow, deep introspection and peace, as he transformed into Gautama, the Buddha.” 

(8)        The Marvelous Sentiment (Adabhuta Rasa)

             The marvelous sentiment has its basic dominant state of atonement. The preceding deity of the sentiment is ‘Brahman’. It is created by determinants search as slight of heavenly begins or events attainment of object. In this we found superior mention or temple, and seven storied place and illusory and magical acts.It is to be represented on the stage by consequence such as ‘wide opening of eyes, looking with fixed gas horribilation and tears with joy. Bharatamuni has mentioned this Rasa in his treaties the ‘Natyashastra’ he elaborately states for each its color.

                     “The principle of Rasa is the very soft of Indian poetics. It is the nectar that our thinker has obtained after charning the ossom of poetry.”

                                                                    -Shreekantaiya

             Adbhuta Rasa is acuriosity of man regarding the creation of the world and all its wonders, For example, ‘the glory of a king returning from a successful battle, the magical feats of a god are both adbhutafor a common man.’

(9)  The Peace Sentiment (Shanta rasa)

                  This Rasa is added later after all eight Rasa. Shant is serenity and peace. It represents the state of calm and unruffled repose that is marked simply by the lake of all other Rasa.Because all emotions are absent in Shanta there is controversy whether it is a rasa at all. According to Bharata, the other eight rasa are as proposed originally by Brahma, and the ninth, shanta, is his contribution. It represents complete harmony between the mind, body and the universe. Shanta rasa is what Buddha felt when he was enlightened, when he reached the higher spiritual plane that led him to salvation or nirvana and freed him from the cycle of life and death. We can say that when we go to nature and seat on the green hill site at that time we feel peace, it also called shanta rasa. Shanta is a clear and cloudless state. Shanta is untroubled steadiness. Shanta is the key to eternity.

Conclusion:

Thus, if rasa created between actor and audience but yet there are types in rasa also. We can’t say it is only one but there are nine rasa and through it we can enjoy any dance of performance. So after all we can say that rasa are very important to judge any dance or performance. We are unable to judge without these nine rasa. It helps us to understand or evaluating an art so it is very important. These all rasa are related to human nature we can find it in human being.

Workcited :

Encyclopedia Britannica. 2021. Rasa | Indian aesthetic theory. [online] Available at: <https://www.britannica.com/art/rasa> [Accessed 29 May 2021].

INDIAN CULTURE. 2021. The rasa theory: an essay in understanding. [online] Available at: <https://indianculture.gov.in/rasa-theory-essay-understanding> [Accessed 29 May 2021]

"Rasa Theory (Indian Aesthetics); Summary & Analysis • English Summary". English Summary, 2021, https://englishsummary.com/rasa-theory/#Features_of_Rasa_Theory&gsc.tab=0