P-209 Assignment

 What is Research? Types of Research,Why Documentation is Necessary in Research ?

Name- Kishan Jadav

Assignment Paper - 209 Research Methodology

Roll no-10

Enrollment no-3069206420200008

Email id- jadavkishan55555@gmail.com

Batch-2020-22 (MA Sem-VI)

Submitted to- S. B. Gardi Department of English,

Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University

Introduction 

The research meaning is different in many ways. Philosophies mean approaches, qualitative, quantitative, and the academic discipline in which you have been trained. Validity means that correct procedures have been applied to find answers to a question. Reliability refers to the quality of a measurement procedure that provides repeatability and accuracy. Unbiased and objective means that you have taken: Select Language  manner and which drew a conclusion to the best of your ability and without.

Adherence to the three criteria mentioned above enables the process to be called 'research'. However, the degree to which these criteria are expected to be fulfilled varies from discipline to discipline and so the meaning of 'research' differs from one academic discipline to another. The difference between research and non-research activity is, in the way we find answers: the process must meet certain requirements to be called research. We can identify these requirements by examining some definitions of research.

The word research is composed of two syllables, "re" and "search." "re" is a prefix meaning again, a new or over again and "search" is a verb meaning to examine closely and carefully, to test and try, or to probe.

Together they form a noun describing a careful, systematic, patient study and investigation in some field of knowledge, undertaken to establish facts or principles. Research is a structured inquiry that utilizes acceptable scientific methodology to solve problems and create new knowledge that is generally applicable.

What is research ?

Research is the systematic process of collecting and analyzing information to increase our understanding of the world in general and of the phenomenon under study in particular.

Research is a way of thinking: examining critically the various aspects of your day-to-day work;understanding and formulating guiding principles that govern a procedure; and developing and testing new theories that contribute to the advancement of your practice and profession. 

It is a habit of questioning what you  do, and a systematic examination of  clinical observations to explain and find answers for what you perceive, with a view to instituting appropriate changes for a more effective professional service (Kumar 2016).

A systematic process of inquiry 

 Goal directed 

Focused on uncovering new knowledge to help understand phenomena, answer questions, or address problems

 Research means :

“ to search again or carefully examine” (Langford 2001). 

Characteristics of Research :

Analytical

Empirical

Logical 

Cyclical

Critical

Methodical

Replicability

Types of Research :

Applications of the findings of the research study

Objectives of the study

Mode of enquiry used in conducting the study

Types of Research: Application Perspective

Pure Research :

Pure research is also concerned with the development, examination, verification and refinement of research methods, procedures, techniques and tools that form the body of research methodology. Examples of pure research include developing a sampling technique that can be applied to a particular situation; developing a methodology to assess the validity of a procedure; developing an instrument, say, to measure the stress level in people; and finding the best way of measuring people’s attitudes. The knowledge produced through pure research is sought in order to add to the existing body of knowledge of research methods.(Ranjit Kumar)

Applied Research :

Most of the research in the social sciences is applied. In other words, the research techniques, procedures and methods that form the body of research methodology are applied to the collection of information about various aspects of a situation, issue, problem or phenomenon so that the information gathered can be used in other ways – such as for policy formulation, administration and the enhancement of understanding of a phenomenon.(Ranjit Kumar)

Types of Research: Objectives Perspective

Descriptive Research :

A research study classified as a descriptive study attempts to describe systematically a situation, problem, phenomenon, service or programme, or provides information about, say, the living conditions of a community, or describes attitudes towards an issue. For example, it may attempt to describe the types of service provided by an organization, the administrative structure of an organization, the living conditions of Aboriginal people in the outback, the needs of a community, what it means to go through a divorce, how a child feels living in a house with domestic violence, or the attitudes of employees towards management. The main purpose of such studies is to describe what is prevalent with respect to the issue/problem under study.

Correlational Research:

The main emphasis in a correlational study is to discover or establish the existence of a relationship/association/interdependence between two or more aspects of a situation. What is the impact of an advertising campaign on the sale of a product? What is the relationship between stressful living and the incidence of heart attack? What is the relationship between fertility and mortality? What is the relationship between technology and unemployment? What is the effect of a health service on the control of a disease, or the home environment on educational achievement? These studies examine whether there is a relationship between two or more aspects of a situation or phenomenon and, therefore, are called correlational studies. 

Explanatory Research :

Explanatory research attempts to clarify why and how there is a relationship between two aspects of a situation or phenomenon. This type of research attempts to explain, for example, why stressful living results in heart attacks; why a decline in mortality is followed by a fertility decline; or how the home environment affects children’s level of academic achievement.

Exploratory Research :

This is when a study is undertaken with the objective either to explore an area where little is known or to investigate the possibilities of undertaking a particular research study. When a study is carried out to determine its feasibility it is also called a feasibility study or a pilot study. It is usually carried out when a researcher wants to explore areas about which s/he has little or no knowledge. A small-scale study is undertaken to decide if it is worth carrying out a detailed investigation. On the basis of the assessment made during the exploratory study, a full study may eventuate. Exploratory studies are also conducted to develop, refine and/or test measurement tools and procedures.

Types of Research: Mode of Enquiry Perspective

Quantitative Research  :

Qualitative research is research dealing with phenomena that are difficult or impossible to quantify mathematically, such as beliefs, meanings, attributes, and symbols Qualitative researchers aim to gather an in- depth understanding of human behavior and the reasons that govern such behavior. 

The qualitative method investigates the why and how of decision making, not just what, where, when.“describes, infers, and resolves problems using numbers. Emphasis is placed on the collection of numerical data, the summary of those data and the drawing of inferences from the data”.

 

In simple terms, quantitative research involves figures and calculations in data collection and analysis.  In quantitative studies research findings are presented via tables, graphs and charts.

Qualitative Research:

 Quantitative research is generally made using scientific methods, which can include: 

• The generation of models, theories and hypotheses

 • The development of instruments and methods for measurement 

• Experimental control and manipulation of variables

 • Collection of empirical data

 • Modeling and analysis of data 

• Evaluation of results

This is based on words, feelings, emotions, sounds and other non-numerical and unquantifiable elements. It has been noted that “information is considered qualitative in nature if it cannot be analyzed by means of mathematical techniques. This characteristic may also mean that an incident does not take place often enough to allow reliable data to be collected”

Our research starts with seeing others' research. Whether you’re jotting down the results of your own experiments or organizing the work of others, there’s no understating the importance of organizing and citing your research.  Proper documentation helps you organize your notes and data. It adds validity to your work, gives credit to others in your field, and makes it easier to share your research with others. As Richard Nordquist rightly said, “In a research paper, documentation is the evidence provided for information and ideas borrowed from others. That evidence includes both primary sources and secondary sources”. (Nordquist, Richard)

Documentation in research is critical because it allows people reading a finished work to trace points and information back to their original sources and to discern what ideas belong solely to the author. Linda Smoak Schwartz said about Documentation, The most important thing to remember when you take notes from your sources is that you must clearly distinguish between quoted, paraphrased, and summarized material that must be documented in your paper and ideas that do not require documentation because they are considered general knowledge about that subject. (Schwartz, Linda Smoak).

What is Documenting a Source ?  Phillip Smith said that, “Documentation is a very simple tool to help any practitioner unveiling patterns”. (Smith, Philip) Adrienne Escoe observed that, "Documentation has many meanings, from the broad anything written in any medium to the narrow policies and procedures manuals or perhaps records." (Escore, Adrienne)

Why is Documentation Important ? Give and Take Credit Produce Honest and Valid Work Make Research Shareable

Give and Take Credit

As ELYSE AUFMANN said, “Properly documented research is easier to cite, share, and take credit for”. When you incorporate data or information from another source in your work, you must give the original researcher full credit. In the world of research, it's important to share idea and know more about eachother’s way of thinking. It becomes more difficult to trust the reliability of information you read and share and studies without providing adequate citations.

Make Research Shareable 

Your research helps others to understand the information. By proper documentation of information you help other readers to the source from which you have taken information. It is a great way to explain your ideas further. Helps others to reach the source. Through documentation, you will provide your readers with a description of key features of each source. (P.126, MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers)

Produce Honest and Valid Work

 The integrity of your work is shown in your production if you do proper documentation. By documenting your research throughout the entire process, you add honesty and authenticity to your work. (ELYSE AUFMANN)  Be honest while researching. Your mistake leads others in the wrong direction.

Conclusion the expression of someone’s creative work is copyrighted. For that documentation is important To prove your claim and conclusion.  It is important to avoid plagiarism.  There is an old adage from Human resource circles: “If it isn’t written it doesn’t exist”. This saying points to the importance and need for clear consistent documentation of events.

Work Cited :

Daisy, Odunze. "Undergraduate Students in Writing." Research Projects". ResearchGate,(2019).

“Dr. Susan Carroll - Contact Information for the Dissertation Consultant.” Dissertation Statistics Help and Support from Dr. Susan Carroll, http://www.dissertation-statistics.com/dr-susan-carroll-contact-information.html.

Kumar, R. (2011). Research Methodology a Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners (3rd Ed.). Sage. - References - Scientific Research Publishing, https://www.scirp.org/reference/referencespapers.aspx?referenceid=3184254.

“Research: Meaning, Types, Characteristics, Positivism.” Scholarify.in, 22 Feb. 2022, https://www.scholarify.in/research-meaning-types-characteristics/.