P-209 Assignment

 What is Research? Types of Research,Why Documentation is Necessary in Research ?

Name- Kishan Jadav

Assignment Paper - 209 Research Methodology

Roll no-10

Enrollment no-3069206420200008

Email id- jadavkishan55555@gmail.com

Batch-2020-22 (MA Sem-VI)

Submitted to- S. B. Gardi Department of English,

Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University

Introduction 

The research meaning is different in many ways. Philosophies mean approaches, qualitative, quantitative, and the academic discipline in which you have been trained. Validity means that correct procedures have been applied to find answers to a question. Reliability refers to the quality of a measurement procedure that provides repeatability and accuracy. Unbiased and objective means that you have taken: Select Language  manner and which drew a conclusion to the best of your ability and without.

Adherence to the three criteria mentioned above enables the process to be called 'research'. However, the degree to which these criteria are expected to be fulfilled varies from discipline to discipline and so the meaning of 'research' differs from one academic discipline to another. The difference between research and non-research activity is, in the way we find answers: the process must meet certain requirements to be called research. We can identify these requirements by examining some definitions of research.

The word research is composed of two syllables, "re" and "search." "re" is a prefix meaning again, a new or over again and "search" is a verb meaning to examine closely and carefully, to test and try, or to probe.

Together they form a noun describing a careful, systematic, patient study and investigation in some field of knowledge, undertaken to establish facts or principles. Research is a structured inquiry that utilizes acceptable scientific methodology to solve problems and create new knowledge that is generally applicable.

What is research ?

Research is the systematic process of collecting and analyzing information to increase our understanding of the world in general and of the phenomenon under study in particular.

Research is a way of thinking: examining critically the various aspects of your day-to-day work;understanding and formulating guiding principles that govern a procedure; and developing and testing new theories that contribute to the advancement of your practice and profession. 

It is a habit of questioning what you  do, and a systematic examination of  clinical observations to explain and find answers for what you perceive, with a view to instituting appropriate changes for a more effective professional service (Kumar 2016).

A systematic process of inquiry 

 Goal directed 

Focused on uncovering new knowledge to help understand phenomena, answer questions, or address problems

 Research means :

“ to search again or carefully examine” (Langford 2001). 

Characteristics of Research :

Analytical

Empirical

Logical 

Cyclical

Critical

Methodical

Replicability

Types of Research :

Applications of the findings of the research study

Objectives of the study

Mode of enquiry used in conducting the study

Types of Research: Application Perspective

Pure Research :

Pure research is also concerned with the development, examination, verification and refinement of research methods, procedures, techniques and tools that form the body of research methodology. Examples of pure research include developing a sampling technique that can be applied to a particular situation; developing a methodology to assess the validity of a procedure; developing an instrument, say, to measure the stress level in people; and finding the best way of measuring people’s attitudes. The knowledge produced through pure research is sought in order to add to the existing body of knowledge of research methods.(Ranjit Kumar)

Applied Research :

Most of the research in the social sciences is applied. In other words, the research techniques, procedures and methods that form the body of research methodology are applied to the collection of information about various aspects of a situation, issue, problem or phenomenon so that the information gathered can be used in other ways – such as for policy formulation, administration and the enhancement of understanding of a phenomenon.(Ranjit Kumar)

Types of Research: Objectives Perspective

Descriptive Research :

A research study classified as a descriptive study attempts to describe systematically a situation, problem, phenomenon, service or programme, or provides information about, say, the living conditions of a community, or describes attitudes towards an issue. For example, it may attempt to describe the types of service provided by an organization, the administrative structure of an organization, the living conditions of Aboriginal people in the outback, the needs of a community, what it means to go through a divorce, how a child feels living in a house with domestic violence, or the attitudes of employees towards management. The main purpose of such studies is to describe what is prevalent with respect to the issue/problem under study.

Correlational Research:

The main emphasis in a correlational study is to discover or establish the existence of a relationship/association/interdependence between two or more aspects of a situation. What is the impact of an advertising campaign on the sale of a product? What is the relationship between stressful living and the incidence of heart attack? What is the relationship between fertility and mortality? What is the relationship between technology and unemployment? What is the effect of a health service on the control of a disease, or the home environment on educational achievement? These studies examine whether there is a relationship between two or more aspects of a situation or phenomenon and, therefore, are called correlational studies. 

Explanatory Research :

Explanatory research attempts to clarify why and how there is a relationship between two aspects of a situation or phenomenon. This type of research attempts to explain, for example, why stressful living results in heart attacks; why a decline in mortality is followed by a fertility decline; or how the home environment affects children’s level of academic achievement.

Exploratory Research :

This is when a study is undertaken with the objective either to explore an area where little is known or to investigate the possibilities of undertaking a particular research study. When a study is carried out to determine its feasibility it is also called a feasibility study or a pilot study. It is usually carried out when a researcher wants to explore areas about which s/he has little or no knowledge. A small-scale study is undertaken to decide if it is worth carrying out a detailed investigation. On the basis of the assessment made during the exploratory study, a full study may eventuate. Exploratory studies are also conducted to develop, refine and/or test measurement tools and procedures.

Types of Research: Mode of Enquiry Perspective

Quantitative Research  :

Qualitative research is research dealing with phenomena that are difficult or impossible to quantify mathematically, such as beliefs, meanings, attributes, and symbols Qualitative researchers aim to gather an in- depth understanding of human behavior and the reasons that govern such behavior. 

The qualitative method investigates the why and how of decision making, not just what, where, when.“describes, infers, and resolves problems using numbers. Emphasis is placed on the collection of numerical data, the summary of those data and the drawing of inferences from the data”.

 

In simple terms, quantitative research involves figures and calculations in data collection and analysis.  In quantitative studies research findings are presented via tables, graphs and charts.

Qualitative Research:

 Quantitative research is generally made using scientific methods, which can include: 

• The generation of models, theories and hypotheses

 • The development of instruments and methods for measurement 

• Experimental control and manipulation of variables

 • Collection of empirical data

 • Modeling and analysis of data 

• Evaluation of results

This is based on words, feelings, emotions, sounds and other non-numerical and unquantifiable elements. It has been noted that “information is considered qualitative in nature if it cannot be analyzed by means of mathematical techniques. This characteristic may also mean that an incident does not take place often enough to allow reliable data to be collected”

Our research starts with seeing others' research. Whether you’re jotting down the results of your own experiments or organizing the work of others, there’s no understating the importance of organizing and citing your research.  Proper documentation helps you organize your notes and data. It adds validity to your work, gives credit to others in your field, and makes it easier to share your research with others. As Richard Nordquist rightly said, “In a research paper, documentation is the evidence provided for information and ideas borrowed from others. That evidence includes both primary sources and secondary sources”. (Nordquist, Richard)

Documentation in research is critical because it allows people reading a finished work to trace points and information back to their original sources and to discern what ideas belong solely to the author. Linda Smoak Schwartz said about Documentation, The most important thing to remember when you take notes from your sources is that you must clearly distinguish between quoted, paraphrased, and summarized material that must be documented in your paper and ideas that do not require documentation because they are considered general knowledge about that subject. (Schwartz, Linda Smoak).

What is Documenting a Source ?  Phillip Smith said that, “Documentation is a very simple tool to help any practitioner unveiling patterns”. (Smith, Philip) Adrienne Escoe observed that, "Documentation has many meanings, from the broad anything written in any medium to the narrow policies and procedures manuals or perhaps records." (Escore, Adrienne)

Why is Documentation Important ? Give and Take Credit Produce Honest and Valid Work Make Research Shareable

Give and Take Credit

As ELYSE AUFMANN said, “Properly documented research is easier to cite, share, and take credit for”. When you incorporate data or information from another source in your work, you must give the original researcher full credit. In the world of research, it's important to share idea and know more about eachother’s way of thinking. It becomes more difficult to trust the reliability of information you read and share and studies without providing adequate citations.

Make Research Shareable 

Your research helps others to understand the information. By proper documentation of information you help other readers to the source from which you have taken information. It is a great way to explain your ideas further. Helps others to reach the source. Through documentation, you will provide your readers with a description of key features of each source. (P.126, MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers)

Produce Honest and Valid Work

 The integrity of your work is shown in your production if you do proper documentation. By documenting your research throughout the entire process, you add honesty and authenticity to your work. (ELYSE AUFMANN)  Be honest while researching. Your mistake leads others in the wrong direction.

Conclusion the expression of someone’s creative work is copyrighted. For that documentation is important To prove your claim and conclusion.  It is important to avoid plagiarism.  There is an old adage from Human resource circles: “If it isn’t written it doesn’t exist”. This saying points to the importance and need for clear consistent documentation of events.

Work Cited :

Daisy, Odunze. "Undergraduate Students in Writing." Research Projects". ResearchGate,(2019).

“Dr. Susan Carroll - Contact Information for the Dissertation Consultant.” Dissertation Statistics Help and Support from Dr. Susan Carroll, http://www.dissertation-statistics.com/dr-susan-carroll-contact-information.html.

Kumar, R. (2011). Research Methodology a Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners (3rd Ed.). Sage. - References - Scientific Research Publishing, https://www.scirp.org/reference/referencespapers.aspx?referenceid=3184254.

“Research: Meaning, Types, Characteristics, Positivism.” Scholarify.in, 22 Feb. 2022, https://www.scholarify.in/research-meaning-types-characteristics/.

 

Assignment P 208

 The Role and Scope of  Translation Studies in the 21st Century

Name- Kishan Jadav

Assignment Paper - 208 comparative Literature & Translation studies

Roll no-10

Enrollment no-3069206420200008

Email id- jadavkishan55555@gmail.com

Batch-2020-22 (MA Sem-VI)

Submitted to- S. B. Gardi Department of English,

Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University

Introduction

Translation Studies - Translation is a discipline in its own right: not merely a minor branch of comparative literary study, nor yet a specific area of linguistics but a vastly complex field with many far-reaching ramifications. Translation is perceived as an intrinsic part of the foreign language teaching process, it has rarely been studied for its own sake.

The 1980s was a decade of consolidation for the fledgling discipline known as Translation Studies. Having emerged onto the world stage in the late 1970s, the subject began to be taken seriously, and was no longer seen as an unscientific field of inquiry of secondary importance. Throughout the 1980s interest in the theory and practice of translation grew steadily. Then, in the 1990s, Translation Studies finally came into its own, for this proved to be the decade of its global expansion. Once perceived as a marginal activity, translation began to be seen as a fundamental act of human exchange. Today, interest in the field has never been stronger and the study of translation is taking place alongside an increase in its practice all over the world.

The electronic media explosion of the 1990s and its implications for the processes of globalization highlighted issues of intercultural communication. Not only has it become important to access more of the world through the information revolution, but it has become urgently important to understand more about one’s own point of departure. Globalization has its antithesis, as has been demonstrated by the world-wide renewal of interest in cultural origins and in exploring questions of identity. Translation has a crucial role to play in aiding understanding of an increasingly fragmentary world. The translator, as the Irish scholar Michael Cronin has pointed out, is also a traveler, someone engaged in a journey from one source to another. The twenty-first century surely promises to be the great age of travel, not only across space but also across time.1 Significantly, a major development in translation studies since the 1970s has been research into the history of translation, for an examination of how translation has helped shape our knowledge of the world in the past better equips us to shape our own futures.

Translation Studies is an emerging discipline of research and profession in the Twenty first century. It has emerged and flourished as a new field with a lot of ideas springing from anthropology, philosophy, literature, linguistics, literary studies, lexicology, semiotics, computer science and many other fields. Both written and spoken translations have played a crucial role in inter-human communication throughout history. The term “translation studies' ' was coined by the Amsterdam-based American scholar James S. Holmes in his paper “The name and nature of translation studies is considered as a foundational text for this discipline. The word translation itself derives from a Latin term meaning "to bring or carry across". The Ancient Greek term is 'metaphrasis' and this gives us the term 'metaphrase' as contrasted with 'paraphrase' This distinction has laid at the heart of the theory of translation throughout its history: Cicero and Horace employed it in Rome, Dryden continued to use it in the seventeenth century and it still exists today in the discussion around "fidelity versus transparency" or "formal equivalence versus dynamic equivalence". The first known translations are those of the Sumerian epic Gilgamesh into Asian languages from the second millennium BC. In India, later Buddhist monks translated Indian sutras into Chinese and Roman poets and adapted Greek texts The Bible.

The Nature Of Translation: 

The scope of translation is bright and beautiful in the coming years because it is the only medium where different people come to know different works. Today many people think that anyone who knows more than one language can become a translator or interpreter. But it is only a half-truth because a good translator must have good background knowledge of both languages, subject knowledge, social and cultural competence and apart from it he/ she need advanced language skills for the medium of communication.BasudebChakraborty says that a good translation shows “a spontaneous and creative process of journey of a theme and a meta theme from one linguistic framework to another”. Translation is a production process of conveying meaning and information underlying the source language into target language with the help of linguistic and cultural convenience.“The fact that we are able to produce equivalent in English for every word does not mean that we can give an adequate translation of the text. Translation implies that we have capacity to enter into the mind, the world, and the culture of the speakers or writers and we can express their thoughts in a manner that is not only parallel to the original, but also acceptable to the target language”. We need to be faithful and loyal to the original text while translating and it is necessary to focus more on ideas and concepts than the surface meaning of the text. The work of translation requires the theoretical knowledge and understanding of source text and translators bound to make a compact relationship between two different domains of knowledge.

Indian Perspectives: Medieval Examples 

India, a country of unity in diversity with multilingual and multicultural aspects has an aged old history where translation has been worked for a long time and still continues to play a pivotal role. It is very pertinent to talk about Indian perspectives on the translation of classic literature. Indian translation had not been in the limelight till the 19th Century. Throughout the middle ages, translation of Sanskrit‟s classics like the epics and puranas continued to be retold, adapted, subverted and translated without proper consideration about the formal equivalence. For instance, Kambana Tamil translator, took all freedom while translating Valmiki‟sRamayana The Role and Scope of Translation Studies in the 21st Century www.iosrjournals.org 2 | Page into Tamil version. He followed the Dravidian epic structure and modified the text according to the taste of readers. There are still some versions among these texts from Valmiki‟s Ramayana, TulsiDas‟RamCharitManas and folk Ramayana. Religious texts have played a great role in the history of translation. One of the oldest examples can be cited from the Old Testament of Bible into Greek in the 3rd century. Saint Jerome, the patron saint of translation, produced a Latin Bible in the 4th century AD which was preferred as a text for the Roman Catholic Church for many years to come. Translation of the Bible was and is a controversial question which emerges and re-emerge time to time and this sort of split in ideas creates a big gulf among Christianity due to the disparity prevailing in the versions of the Bible. Martin Luther King Jr. is being the „first European to propose that one translates satisfactorily only toward his own language‟ which statement still is true in modern translation theory.The Role of Translation in Literature is vital and pivotal because the importance and flavor of classic works can be reached to a number of readers by means of translation only. If Rabindranath Tagore‟s Gitanjali would not have been translated into English and W.B Yeats would not have written the preface of it. 

Translator Vs Interpreter 

In an age of globalization, technological advancement is cutting all boundaries and sections of society and making a global village and connected village. The emergence of the English language as an international language is a very powerful weapon where jobs for translators and interpreters are easy and available in countries like India, China, Japan, and others. Translation and interpretation are two closely related linguistics disciplines. On the surface level, the difference between translation and interpreting is only in the medium of expression: the translator interprets written text, while an interpreter translates orally. According to Prodip Dutta, a freelance translator: "Both interpreting and translation presuppose a certain love of language and deep knowledge of more than one tongue”. One must have strong command over at least two languages- the source language and the target language. Translation is an act of interpretation and recreation as well as generation of the meanings comes out the consequences of interpretations only. Friedrich Nietzsche, a German philosopher says “there are no facts, only interpretations”. 

Translation And The Media

India is a country where translation is required especially, when one can talk about the importance of the media. The media is a tool for communication and for communication quality, human beings are different from animals. The media acts as a watchdog of the society for twenty-four hours and provides us updated news and what is happening in the world and around the world. Translation in the media plays a determining role because by the act of translation, translators translate a piece of news into another language and present it to the mass of people. The media molds and shapes the people‟s opinions and behavior, and politics of one‟s country as well. Today the relevance of media is essential especially in the democratic countries like India etcetera. That‟s why the pertinent translation is indispensable in the practice of the media in the present scenario.

Tools to aid translation 

We must remember that while tools do not maketh the man, a worker without his tools does very little work. A translator would therefore need access to certain materials like: 

•    Good monolingual/bilingual dictionaries 

•    Encyclopedias 

•    Thesaurus in both languages (SL & TL)

 •    Grammar books in both languages (SL & TL) 

•    Guides to usage 

ICT support can also be relied upon in terms of: 

•    Document production 

•    Information search and retrieval – locating background,  reference material, locating clients, understanding their culture and background 

•    On-line encyclopedias, dictionaries etc

•    Liaising with fellow translators 

•    Work production Translation Today 55 Kirti Kapur

However, one has to use all these tools with intelligence and caution. Despite being in the digital age, one cannot depend entirely on computers. A human interface is essential for good translations. Translation is not merely a technical skill, it is an art form, not subservient to the original. The translator thus has to be equipped with adequate preparation and creativity along with linguistic skills to be able to transcreate a text. Translation both as metaphor and practice plays a central role.

 Conclusion

Therefore, Translation is very necessary for democratization of knowledge, social harmony and peace, and ensuring human happiness in the new world integrated by technology and economy. In brief, the English language has become a backbone language so is the translation in the 21th century. As English is for all so „translation is for all‟.''To be a translator, knowing the two languages is not enough. A literary and creative bent of mind is essential.``MallikarjunPatil highlights the importance of translation and he points out that adaptation is a “still another mode of translation.” Today why Shakespeare is so famous and fabulous to us is because his works have been translated into regional languages. Shakespeare‟s messages have reached the masses of the people's translation. Many of his works have been adapted for films and TV shows. The translator serves as a mediator between cultures and systematizes and generalizes the process of translation. A group of individuals, professional translators, linguists, and literary scholars exchange their views on translation and its power to influence literary traditions and to shape cultural and economic identities.

Works Cited

Kapur, Kirti. “Role of Translation in the 21st Century.” Ntm, p. 12. Online, https://www.ntm.org.in/download/ttvol/Volume8/Articles/Article_2.pdf. Accessed 18 March 2022.

Sharma, Shivnath Kumar. “The Role and Scope of Translation Studies in the 21 Century.” IOSR, no. 2279-0837, p. 4. Online, https://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jhss/papers/Conf.TS/Volume-1/1.%2001-04.pdf. Accessed 18 March 2022.

P-207 Assignment

 Climate Change and Refugee Crisis in Gun Island 

Name- Kishan Jadav

Assignment Paper - 207 Contemporary Literature in English

Roll no-10

Enrollment no-3069206420200008

Email id- jadavkishan55555@gmail.com

Batch-2020-22 (MA Sem-VI)

Submitted to- S. B. Gardi Department of English,

Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University

Introduction

Amitav Ghosh is a contemporary writer of the twentieth century. He is an Indian writer and the winner of the 54th Jnanpith award, India’s highest literary honor, best known for his work in English fiction. Ghosh's ambitious novels use complex narrative strategies to probe the nature of national and personal identity, particularly of the people of India and Southeast Asia. 

Amitav Ghosh’s latest novel, Gun Island, traces familiar cross-cultural patterns evident in his earlier novels. There are journeys by land and water, diaspora and migration, experiences aboard ships, the world of animals and sea-creatures. Ghosh foregrounds environmental issues like climate change and the danger to fish from chemical waste dumped into rivers by factories, concerns that carry over from earlier books like The Hungry Tide and The Great Derangement.

Gun Island describes the quest of Deen, a scholar and collector of rare books, who returns from New York, his city of domicile, to the Sunderbans in West Bengal to unravel the mystery and legend of a seventeenth-century merchant, Bonduki Sada-gar, translated “The Gun Merchant,” and his persecution by Manasa Devi, mythical goddess of snakes. In a talk held in New Delhi after the release of the novel, Ghosh stated that the merchant “was a trope for trade.” The merchant and the goddess dramatize “the conflict between profit and the world.” In the novel, the goddess pursues the merchant to make him aware of other realities like the animal world: “Humans—driven, as was the Merchant, by the quest of profit—would recognize no restraint in relation to other living things.”

The Gun Island novel has a lot of themes. Find out here. I will mention some of the themes.

Some Key points of Gun Island 

• Myth

• Technology

• The refugee crisis

• Climate Change

• Migration 

• Animals and Birds : Migration 

• Ecocriticism

• Colonialism and Climate refugees

In the novel big issues are the refugee crisis, Migration and Climate Change. So in this paper I would like to discuss the refugee crisis and Climate change in the novel. And what is climate change, its effects, and which type of Change in our life.First fall the refugee crisis and climate change in the novel.

The refugee crisis

Climate related environmental strife and disaster in the Sunderbans area is the spinning core of Gun Island from which characters like Tipu, Rafi or even the gun merchant in another time, are hurled outward, into other stories, by the violent centrifugal force of climate chaos and disaster. Chased away from the punishing land they called home, these characters get drawn into other dreams, to other refuges, propelled by promises, towards other stories of life in the West, which constitute, so to speak, the surface narratives of this novel, where people like Deen, Piya, or the charismatic historian Cinta play important parts.(Ghosh)

However, and because climate change knows no boundaries and can spring surprises and violent retribution at a place of its choosing, and also because stories connect with stories riding microscopic filaments of probability and chance, the characters of Gun Island find out how an angry planet stitches them together in the present, as it had in the past, when the gun merchant was running away from a wrathful goddess.(Ghosh)

Climate Change

What is Climate Change?

Climate change refers to long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns. These shifts may be natural, but since the 1800s, human activities have been the main driver of climate change, primarily due to the burning of fossil fuels (like coal, oil, and gas), which produces heat-trapping gasses.

Starting in the Sundarbans

In Gun Island, Amitav Ghosh makes a spirited foray into the world of climate fiction, a category which has received scant attention from writers, especially in our part of the world – a region, which for economic and other reasons is vulnerable, and will be disproportionately affected by the unfolding climate disaster.

The story of this legendary trader, Deen finds, has many parallels with the Bengali verse epics about Chand Sadagar and Manasa, the Hindu folk goddess of snakes, who is also central to the gun merchant’s story. He learns that the gun merchant has a “dham” or shrine in Sunderbans, the mangrove-covered deltas of south Bengal.

(Ghosh)

Further discussion about Climate change.

What is the Effect of Climate Change?

Hotter  Temperatures 

According to the 2020 Global Climate Report from NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, every month of 2020 except December was in the top four warmest on record for that month. In December, the presence of a moderately strong La Niña event cooled the tropical Pacific Ocean and dampened the global average warmth. The month turned out as "only" the eighth warmest December on record.

Warmer temperatures over time are changing weather patterns and disrupting the usual balance of nature. This poses many risks to human beings and all other forms of life on Earth.

Hotter temperatures

Nearly all land areas are seeing more hot days and heat waves; 2020 was one of the hottest years on record. Higher temperatures increase heat-related illnesses and can make it more difficult to work and move around. Wildfires start more easily and spread more rapidly when conditions are hotter.

More severe storms

Changes in temperature cause changes in rainfall. This results in more severe and frequent storms. They cause flooding and landslides, destroying homes and communities, and costing billions of dollars.

Increased drought

Water is becoming scarcer in more regions. Droughts can stir destructive sand and dust storms that can move billions of tons of sand across continents. Deserts are expanding, reducing land for growing food. Many people now face the threat of not having enough water on a regular basis.

A warming, rising ocean

The ocean soaks up most of the heat from global warming. This melts ice sheets and raises sea levels, threatening coastal and island communities. The ocean also absorbs carbon dioxide, keeping it from the atmosphere. More carbon dioxide makes the ocean more acidic, which endangers marine life.

Loss of species

Climate change poses risks to the survival of species on land and in the ocean. These risks increase as temperatures climb. Forest fires, extreme weather, and invasive pests and diseases are among many threats. Some species will be able to relocate and survive, but others will not.

Not enough food

Changes in climate and increases in extreme weather events are among the reasons behind a global rise in hunger and poor nutrition. Fisheries, crops, and livestock may be destroyed or become less productive. Heat stress can diminish water and grasslands for grazing.

More health risks

Changing weather patterns are spreading diseases such as malaria. Extreme weather events increase diseases and deaths, and make it difficult for health care systems to keep up. Other risks to health include increased hunger and poor nutrition in places where people cannot grow or find sufficient food.

Poverty and displacement

Climate change increases the factors that put and keep people in poverty. Floods may sweep away urban slums, destroying homes and livelihoods. Heat can make it difficult to work in outdoor jobs. Weather-related disasters displace 2.3 crore people a year, leaving many more vulnerable to poverty.

What are Causes of Climate Change?

As greenhouse gas emissions blanket the Earth, they trap the sun’s heat. This leads to global warming and climate change. The world is now warming faster than at any point in recorded history.

Generating power

Generating electricity and heat by burning fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas causes a large chunk of global emissions. Most of the electricity is still produced from fossil fuels; only about a quarter comes from wind, solar, and other renewable sources.

Manufacturing goods

Manufacturing and industry produce emissions, mostly from burning fossil fuels to produce energy for making things like cement, iron, steel, electronics, plastics, clothes, and other goods. Mining and other industrial processes also release gases.

Cutting down forests

Cutting down forests to create farms or pastures, or for other reasons, causes emissions because when trees are cut, they release the carbon they have been storing. Since forests absorb carbon dioxide, destroying them also limits nature’s ability to keep emissions out of the atmosphere.

Using transportation

Most cars, trucks, ships, and planes run on fossil fuels. That makes transportation a major contributor of greenhouse gases, especially carbon-dioxide emissions. Road vehicles account for the largest part, but emissions from ships and planes continue to grow.

Producing food

Producing food requires energy to run farm equipment or fishing boats, usually with fossil fuels. Growing crops can also cause emissions, like when using fertilizers and manure. Cattle produce methane, a powerful greenhouse gas. And emissions also come from packaging and distributing food.

Powering buildings

Globally, residential and commercial buildings consume over half of all electricity. As they continue to draw on coal, oil, and natural gas for heating and cooling, they emit significant quantities of greenhouse gas emissions.

Consuming too much

Your home and use of power, how you move around, what you eat and how much you throw away - all contribute to greenhouse gas emissions. So does the consumption of goods such as clothing, electronics.

What kind of action can be taken?

Everyone can help limit climate change. From the way we travel, to the electricity we use and the food we eat, we can make a difference. Start with these 10 actions to help tackle the climate crisis

Save energy at home

Much of our electricity and heat are powered by coal, oil, and gas. Use less energy by lowering your heating and cooling, switching to LED light bulbs and energy-efficient electric appliances, washing your laundry with cold water, or hanging things to dry instead of using a dryer.

Walk, cycle, or take public transport

The world’s roads are clogged with vehicles, most of them burning diesel or petrol. Walking or riding a bike instead of driving will reduce greenhouse gas emissions – and help your health and fitness. For longer distances, consider taking a train or bus. And carpool whenever possible.

Eat more vegetables

Eating more vegetables, fruits, whole grains, legumes, nuts and seeds, and less meat and dairy, can significantly lower your environmental impact. Producing plant-based foods generally results in fewer greenhouse gas emiyssions and requires less energy, land, and water.

Consider your travel

Airplanes burn large amounts of fossil fuels, producing significant greenhouse gas emissions. That makes taking fewer flights one of the fastest ways to reduce your environmental impact. When you can, meet virtually, take a train, or skip that long-distance trip altogether.

Throw away less food

When you throw food away, you're also wasting the resources and energy that were used to grow, produce, package, and transport it. And when food rots in a landfill, it produces methane, a powerful greenhouse gas. So use what you buy and compost any leftovers.

Reduce, reuse, repair & recycle

Electronics, clothes, and other items we buy cause carbon emissions at each point in production, from the extraction of raw materials to manufacturing and transporting goods to market. To protect our climate, buy fewer things, shop second-hand, repair what you can, and recycle.

Change your home's source of energy

Ask your utility company if your home energy comes from oil, coal, or gas. If possible, see if you can switch to renewable sources such as wind or solar. Or install solar panels on your roof to generate energy for your home.

Switch to an electric vehicle

If you plan to buy a car, consider going electric, with more and cheaper models coming on the market. Even if they still run on electricity produced from fossil fuels, electric cars help reduce air pollution and cause significantly fewer greenhouse gas emissions than petrol or diesel-powered vehicles.

Conclusion 

In using many themes in this novel. Amitabh Ghosh has given us a lot of discussions about climate change.  Climate change, as we have seen in this novel, affects human life and every living thing on earth.  There are also many ways to avoid comments that people should follow to prevent it.  So that future generations are not harmed and we can avoid the calamities that are coming upon us.However, and because climate change knows no boundaries and can spring surprises and violent retribution at a place of its choosing, and also because stories connect with stories riding microscopic filaments of probability and chance.